Let's take trip to London with Nancy Bilyeau and her
time machine! In modern times, Nancy has worked on the staffs
of InStyle, Rolling Stone, Entertainment Weekly, and Good
Housekeeping. She is currently the executive editor
of DuJour magazine. When she is vividly recreating the past,
Nancy is the author of an award-winning trilogy of
historical mysteries set in the reign of King Henry VIII, published in nine
countries: The Crown, The Chalice and the upcoming The Tapestry. Nancy lives
in New York City with her husband and two children. Her website: www.nancybilyeau.com.
Stay in touch with her on Twitter at @tudorscribe. --Annamaria
On April 5, 1531, hardened London
spectators of public punishment gathered at Smithfield, joined by others too
curious to stay away. An execution had been announced of a
type that none had witnessed in their lifetimes, nor ever heard of. The condemned man, Richard Roose, was to be
boiled alive.
Roose was not of the magnitude of
criminal that usually met his end at Smithfield, located just beyond the
London Wall. This was the ground where the English executed the Scottish rebel
William Wallace: hanged, drawn and quartered in 1305. Wat Tyler, the leader of
the Peasant's Revolt, was run through with a sword at Smithfield in 1381, in
the presence of young Richard II.
Roose, the prisoner of our true
story, was convicted of high treason, yet had not sought to harm King
Henry VIII nor his queen, Catherine of Aragon, nor any royal
councilor. He had not tried to overthrow the kingdom's government nor
change its religious policies. Roose, a cook, was accused of murder by poison.
His two victims were an obscure gentleman in the household of Bishop John
Fisher, Bennet Curwen, and a destitute widow who accepted the bishop’s charity,
Alyce Tryppytt. The target of the poisoning was assumed to be Fisher himself,
the Bishop of Rochester. Ironically, Fisher did not eat the soup—sometimes
described as porridge—that Roose prepared and so was unharmed.
Roose
admitted to the poisoning but claimed it was a joke gone wrong, an
accident. There is no testimony for us to examine, because Roose had no
trial, by command of the king.
In the words of the Greyfriars
Chronicle of London, a contemporary document: “This year was a cook boiled in a
cauldron in Smithfield for he would have poisoned the bishop of Rochester
Fisher with divers of his servants and he was locked in a chain and pulled up
and down with a gibbet at divers times until he was dead."
Roose's crime, the legal method
of his condemnation and finally the form of punishment create a bizarre chain
of events that, in a more modern age, might well have raised questions
of motive in several parties, including that of Henry VIII. Although there
is no question of who did the killing, this is still a tantalizing Tudor
murder mystery, and reveals some of the peculiarities of the early modern age,
when laws existed and homicide was considered a heinous crime, but there was no
trained police force nor forensic science.
Why did Henry VIII demand this
punishment of a lowly cook? Why was Roose executed as a traitor when his crime
was murder of commoners? The answer lies in the King's complex feelings
for Bishop Fisher.
John Fisher,
a devoted patron of Cambridge, served the King's family in three generations:
He was the chaplain of the King's pious grandmother, Margaret Beaufort. He
was made bishop of Rochester by the King’s father, Henry VII, in 1504. Fisher
performed the funeral services for mother and son when they died, within months
of each other, in 1509. In the first 20 years of the reign of Henry VIII,
Fisher was considered “the greatest Catholic theologian in Europe, without any
rival,” writes Eamon Duffy. The English king was proud of his Bishop's fame,
and once asked a young Reginald Pole, then an English scholar at the University
of Padua, whether “in all the cities and places where learned and good men
might be best known, I had found such a learned man as the bishop of Rochester.”
But by the
time of the crime in question, King Henry was no longer proud of Bishop Fisher,
62 years of age. It would be safe to say he considered him an enemy. And it
would have made the King's life much easier if Fisher had lost his—if he had consumed
the soup.
In 1527, when Henry VIII, desperate
for a male heir, began his public quest for an annulment from 42-year-old
Catherine of Aragon to marry the delectable Anne Boleyn, Fisher became one of
his most serious obstacles. The question of the royal marriage was
a theological one, and if Europe's most respected theologian had agreed in
the rightness of King Henry's cause, it would have done much to bring about the
annulment. But Fisher took the side of Catherine of Aragon,
vigorously and openly. The marriage was legal and could not be dissolved. The
king and Cardinal Thomas Wolsey put increasing pressure on him to cease his
opposition—to no avail. He refused to sign a statement of support from the
clergy that Archbishop of Canterbury Warham submitted to the king, and when
Warham said the statement had unanimous support, Fisher said loudly, to the
King's face, that that was a lie.
To understand how strained affairs must
have been between king and bishop, consider the chronology leading up to February
18th, 1531, the day of the poisoning:
*In 1529, Bishop Fisher announced at
the legatine trial of the royal marriage that it would impossible to die more
gloriously than in the cause of marriage, as John the Baptist did.
* In that same year, when a proposal
came to Parliament to dissolve the smaller abbeys—the beginning of Henry VIII's
destruction of the Catholic monasteries as part of his break from Rome—Fisher “openly
resisted it with all the force he could.”
* In 1530 he devoted himself to
writing books defending the cause of the King's first wife. He would publish
seven in all.
* In December 1530, Fisher was
summoned to the house of Archbishop Warham and there, with a compliant bishop
and two of the King's legal advisers, ordered to retract his writings and take
the King's side. He did not.
* In January 1531, Henry VIII
received letters from the Pope telling him that he must order Anne Boleyn from
the court and that if he were to marry her before a divorce from Catherine of
Aragon was decided, he would face excommunication.
The quest for a divorce was not
going well.
Enter one Richard Roose. One of
Fisher's earliest biographers, Richard Hall, wrote in 1655 the most complete
account of the poisoning. He is the only source to say that Roose was not
the chief cook in Fisher's household, which is significant:
“After this
the Bishop escaped a very great danger. For one Richard Rose came into the
Bishop's kitchen, being acquainted with the cook, at his house in
Lambeth-marsh, and having provided a quantity of deadly poison, while the cook
went into the buttery to fetch him some drink, he took his opportunity to throw
that poison into a mess of gruel, which was prepared for the Bishop's dinner.
And after he had waited there a while, he went on his way.
“But so it
happened that when the Bishop was called into his dinner, he had no appetite
for any meat but wished his servants to fall to and be of good cheer, and that
he would not eat till toward night. And they that did eat of the poisoned dish
were miserably infected. And whereof one gentleman, named Mr. Bennet Curwen and
an old widow, died suddenly, and the rest never recovered their health till their
dying day."
An inquiry began at once. Although a
trained, salaried police force did not yet exist in England, criminal
investigation was taken seriously. Justices of the peace, appointed by the
monarch, received and investigated complaints; coroners viewed dead bodies and
ordered arrests. Now if a suspect was bound over for trial, freedom was
unlikely. Defendants charged with felonies or treason were not entitled to
lawyers; rules of evidence did not exist. In fact, murder trials rarely lasted
more than 15 minutes.
Roose was soon apprehended, and
admitted to adding what he believed were laxatives to the soup as a
"jest." No one believed him.
The always skeptical ambassador
Eustace Chapuys wrote a slightly different version of events to his master, Charles
V, the nephew of Catherine of Aragon:
“They say
that the cook, having been immediately arrested... confessed at once that he
had actually put into the broth some powders, which he had been given to
understand would only make his fellow servants very sick without endangering
their lives or doing them any harm. I have not yet been able to understand who
it was who gave the cook such advice, nor for what purpose."
We share
Chapuys’ frustration. Who gave the cook these powders and told him that they
would sicken and not kill? If that information was obtained, it was not shared
with the public, not to mention Chapuys or any other ambassador to the court.
No transparency.
Sir Thomas
More, the lord chancellor, informed Henry VIII that there were rumors that Anne
Boleyn and her father and brother, Thomas and George Boleyn, were involved in
the poisoning attempt. The king reacted angrily, saying Anne Boleyn was
unfairly blamed for everything, including unpleasant weather.
The murder motive and the
question of a larger plot were soon obscured by Henry VIII's drastic
actions. He decided that Roose should be condemned by attainder without a trial—a
measure usually used for criminals who were at large. Roose was sitting in prison!
Nonetheless, Parliament passed "An Acte for Poysoning," making
willful murder by means of poison high treason even if the victim was not head
of the government of the land. And boiling to death became a form of legal
capital punishment. This crime was especially heinous, the king's
representatives said, and thus called for such measures.
Several biographers have noted King
Henry’s extreme fear of poison. Although the monarch’s paranoia became infamous
in later years, there was some basis for concern. Everyone had heard the
stories of murder by cantarella in Rome during the time of the
Borgias. Pope Alexander VI, Rodrigo Borgia, died—perhaps of poison slipped into
his food at a banquet—during the reign of Henry VII. Cantarella was
believed to have been arsenic trioxide.
Did substances with poisonous
properties exist in England at this time? Yes, they did, and were in the reach
of the apothecaries, who acted as pharmacists and diagnosticians for most
English people. Not only did the physicians recoil at the thought of an
autopsy—which was forbidden by the Church—they rarely put hands on the living. Tudor
doctors believed the body was ruled by the four humours, as taught by the Greek
2nd century doctor/philosopher Galen, and often used astrological
charts and examined urine to determine treatment.
If poison was ever suspected as the
cause of death, there was no way to scrutinize its damage within the corpse to
confirm. And should the poison itself be obtained, the field of analytical
chemistry was four centuries away.
Not surprisingly, rumors ran wild. Poisoning
was rumored (never proven) to be the cause of the deaths of Queen Anne, Richard
III’s wife; the eventual death of Catherine of Aragon; and the agonizing death
of Henry’s son, Edward VI. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark,
written in the reign of Henry’s daughter, Queen Elizabeth I, employed poison,
of course. Shakespeare wove it into five other plays too.
But there was more to this than
royal terror of a poisoned dish. As historian K.J. Kesselring wrote in The
English Historical Review, “This may explain the severe, exemplary
punishment of boiling, but not the need to label the offense treason."
Chapuys questioned the King's
actions and lack of trial in his letter to Emperor Charles. Regardless of the
"demonstrations of sorrow he makes, [Henry VIII] will not be able to
divert suspicion," wrote the ambassador. But no accusations were ever
made, of course.
In April the crowds of Smithfield
witnessed Roose's death. According to an eyewitness: “He roared
mighty loud, and divers women who were big with child did feel sick at the
sight of what they saw, and were carried away half dead; and other men and
women did not seem frightened by the boiling alive, but would prefer to see the
headsman at his work.”
There are several addendum’s to this
story.
When, after
the king married Anne Boleyn, Bishop Fisher refused to swear an oath
of supremacy to the king, he was arrested. The pope made Fisher a cardinal to
protect him, but it only enraged the king more. Once he’d ordered a savage
punishment of the man who tried to kill Fisher, and now Henry VIII wanted
Fisher gone. After a difficult imprisonment, during which he was
continually pressured to sign the oath and refused, Fisher was beheaded on June
22, 1535 on Tower Hill. The crowd gasped when they saw him on the scaffold for
he was "nothing...but skin and bones...the flesh clean wasted away, and a
very image of death." In his speech to the crowd, Fisher is said to
have shown a calm dignity. As Eamon Duffy writes, "Maybe absolute integrity
is destined always to fall afoul of absolute power."
Fisher's head was stuck on a pole on
London Bridge, as was the custom with traitors. But then something very disturbing happened.
According to Fisher's biographer: “And here I
cannot omit to declare to you the miraculous sight of his head, which after 14
days grew fresher and fresher, for that in his lifetime he never looked so
well.... the face looked as if it beholdeth the people passing by and would
have spoken to them. Which many took as a miracle.”
Word swept through London of the
miracle of Fisher's head, drawing thick crowds to look on it, until "an
executioner was commanded to throw down the head in the night time into the
Thames." All of these reports were said to have greatly unnerved King
Henry.
The law of attainder—condemnation of
treason without trial—would be used by Henry VIII against Sister Elizabeth
Barton, Chief Minister Thomas Cromwell, his fifth wife Catherine Howard, and several
others.
Boiling to
death was employed once again, in 1542 for a woman, Margaret Davy, “a
maidservant” convicted of “poisoning three householders with whom she dwelled.”
Then,
in 1547, in the reign of Edward VI, the 1531 act was
quietly repealed. No one was ever lowered into a boiling cauldron again,
for whatever reason, at Smithfield.
And in 1886,
the Catholic Church made John Fisher a saint.
