Brian
Stoddart for Jeff—Saturday
I’m pleased to welcome back to MIE my friend
Brian Stoddart, a New Zealander now based back in Queenstown after several years
working in universities around the world and for agencies like the World Bank
and the Asian Development Bank. Brian has lived and worked in India, Malaysia,
Canada, China, the Caribbean, Jordan, Syria, Cambodia and the Lao People’s
Democratic Republic. He has written seventeen non-fiction works across the
history of India, sport, international relations, biography and memoir. His
first crime novel, A Madras Miasma, appeared
in 2014 and was named among the top ten debut books for that year by
CrimeFictionLover website. It features Superintendent Chris Le Fanu of the
Indian Police Service in Madras in the 1920s. The third in the series
(following up on The Pallampur
Predicament), A Straits
Settlement, will be available on May 19 in UK bookshops as well as
internationally via Amazon, Kobo, iBooks and other agencies. And now, here’s
Brian...
British
India is remembered mostly for its pomp and circumstance, the Indian struggle
for political independence and the rise of Mahatma Gandhi. But as elsewhere in
the world its popular culture frequently made fiction look tame, and few events
did that better than the so-called Bawla murder case.
One
evening in 1925 a woman and some men were enjoying a drive through Malabar
Hill, then as now one of Bombay’s ritziest suburbs. They were overtaken by a
red Maxwell car, a splendid and expensive American import. The Maxwell swung in
and blocked them off. The travellers were then surrounded by a gang of men who
attempted to abduct the woman whose face they slashed. Yet another car arrived.
Three British army officers returning from a round at the Willingdon Club
leaped out to intervene using their golf clubs. Another officer arrived shortly
after. The gang produced knives and guns, one of the officers was shot and
stabbed but still grabbed one assailant. His comrades rescued the woman.
Meanwhile, the owner of the car was dying from gunshot wounds.
The
wounded officer was twenty four year old John Maclean Saegert, a Canadian-born
member of the Royal Engineers educated at the prestigious Cheltenham School in
England. He went on to a distinguished career, among other things becoming the
first Officer Commanding 9 Commando
Group in 1940. He was later captured, and in 1946 died in Toronto as a result
of his imprisonment. He was awarded the
DSO.
|
Saegert |
The
last officer to arrive was Colonel Charles Vickery, a career soldier who served
in the Boer War then World War One as a member of the Royal Artillery but
attached to the Coldstream Guards. He served in the Middle East and was close
to and critical of Lawrence of Arabia. In 1920 Vickery was posted as the
British Agent in Jeddah, and became involved in the rise of the house of Saud.
He remained in the army until 1935 when he stood unsuccessfully as a Tory
candidate in the General Election, became a County Council member in Durham,
and wrote frequently on military affairs.
|
Vickery |
The
dead man was a wealthy Bombay Muslim merchant and member of the Bombay
Municipal Council, Abdul Kader Bawla. He had inherited most of his wealth and
was considered to be more interested in social rather than business life, for
which read he was interested in the ladies. His lady companion this day was
another story altogether.
|
Mumtaz Begum |
Mumtaz Begum was the runaway second wife of
Tukoji Rao Holkar III, the Maharajah of Indore which was a wealthy princely
state in Central India. Mumtaz Begum grew up in a Hyderabad, Deccan singing
family that leased out her sexual favours from a very early age. She was just
eleven or so when she attracted the Maharajah’s attention and was soon
ensconced in the palace as his mistress and he later married her. She
accompanied him to England when he attended the coronation of King George V,
and she produced a daughter after their return. She later claimed that a nurse
murdered the child. Life in the harem turned sour so she fled, going to several
places throughout India before arriving in Bombay where she took up with Bawla.
|
Maharajah of Indore |
The
Maharajah of Indore was one of those “only in India” stories. His father had
been forced to abdicate by the British over political differences. The new
ruler was at first guided as a ward but took over in his own right at a young
age – he was perhaps eighteen or so when he first met Mumtaz Begum. By then he
had developed expensive tastes, learning from his predecessors. Just before the
outbreak of World War One he was in Paris and visited the famous jewellers,
Chaumet, where he spied a pair of diamonds that, oddly enough, had come from
the Golconda mines near Hyderabad. Each diamond was 46 carats. He bought them,
adding to an already burgeoning collection. Mumtaz Begum wore these and other
Indore jewels regularly.
It
transpired that her assailants on Malabar Hill were employees of the Maharajah,
drawn from the state police and army, and their mission was to return her to
Indore. The one attacker who was caught led to several others, and nine men
were charged with several offences, including murder.
The
case was a sensation and the local press carried little else for days. It had
everything: royalty, sex, money, intrigue, drama, and murder. As soon as the
trial began the courthouse was thronged, the proceedings reported in detail and
relayed around the world.
The
judge overseeing the case was (later Sir) Louis Charles Crump who had trained
at Balliol, Oxford then joined the Indian Civil Service in 1890. He rose
steadily through the ranks, went to the bench of the Bombay High Court in 1919
and had already presided over several important trials.
J.B.
Kanga, the Advocate-general for Bombay led the prosecution. A Parsi and a tax
specialist, he was one of the giants of the Bombay legal world and would attend
court regularly until his death at age ninety two almost fifty years after this
trial. He was assisted by the
Bombay-born (later Sir) Kenneth Kemp who would himself become Advocate-General.
Kemp’s son, David, also became a lawyer in England and became the acclaimed
expert on law relating to damages for injury or death.
The
defence team was even more interesting. J.M. Sen Gupta of Calcutta was by now a
major aide to Mahatma Gandhi and practising less law than previously.
English-trained, he had a strong reputation and his English wife would become
the President of the Indian National Congress in the 1930s. Sengupta himself
would die as a political prisoner in 1932.
His
assistant was more prominent still. Mohammad Ali Jinnah was simultaneously
advancing his legal career as well as the political one that would lead to the
partition of India in 1947 and the creation of Pakistan of which Jinnah became
the first Governor-General. He was now part of the Indian National Congress but
also leader of the All-India Muslim League and developing his thinking about
the creation of a Muslim state.
|
Jinnah |
With
so many prisoners and the added political dimension of a princely state ruler
being implicated, the case was complex. Crump’s summing up is still regarded as
a work of extraordinary legal skill, and it cleared the way for all the accused
to be found guilty. Three were sentenced to death, the rest to transportation
for life in the Andaman Islands, British India’s notorious prison off the
Southeast Asian coast.
Andaman Islands Prison
One
verdict went to the Privy Council, however, because legal technicalities left
Crump no other choice but a sentence of transportation or death even though he
doubted the nature of the evidence. The case was rehearsed in the Privy Council
by Sir John Simon who would later lead the Simon Commission to India to
investigate possible further political reforms. Crump’s handling withstood the
inquiry so Sardar Anandrao Gangaram Phanse went to the Andamans.
Two
men were hanged: Shafi Ahmed Nabi Ahmed, and Shamrao Revaji Dighe. It was a huge
cost for loyalty to their employer. The other man sentenced to death was
declared mentally insane shortly after sentence was passed. The rest went to
the Andamans as well.
Inevitably,
the fledgling Indian movie industry was attracted, and what is still described
as India’s first crime mystery film appeared quickly. Kulin Kanta was just the
first of many such movies that shifted the facts around in order to make a
story, and its main actor became the first of India’s movie heroes.
The
movie connection was prophetic. Mumtaz Begum appeared in a silent film a few
years later and was then said to have gone to Hollywood. There must be some
uncertainty about that claim, though. In 1926 she married the son of a wealthy
industrialist in Karachi, and they had two children. In 1929, however, her
father-in-law demanded that the pair divorce, so she returned to Bombay with
another settlement in the bank.
In
1946, she appeared in a story in the Milwaukee Sentinel illustrated by the
marvellous Willy Pogany. Her daughter had married an Abdul Kadir in Amritsar,
but a year after the marriage Mumtaz Begum turned up at the house and
effectively kidnapped her own daughter. She herself then ended up in court.
Tukoji
Rao Holkar III lost heavily. The guilty verdict meant that he was deemed the
architect of the murder, an assumption that he challenged vigorously. The
British threatened a commission of inquiry and, rather than face that, he
abdicated in favour of his son. He spent most of his time in Europe, and in
1928 married an American, Nancy Anne Miller who converted to Hinduism, a move
that alienated all sides of public life. That marriage failed fast and after
she divorced, Miller sold the Indore Pears to Harry “King of Diamonds” Winston
whose empire still continues. Among other things, Winston owned the Hope
Diamond before gifting it to the Smithsonian. He bought and sold the Indore
Pears several times, and they are now owned by Robert Mouawad, the third
generation boss of the jewellery and watch company that began in Beirut in 1891
but whose headquarters he shifted to Geneva from where he internationalised the
business.
Tukoji
Rao Holkar III died in Paris in 1978.
—Thanks, Brian