Devotees of Dionysus:
"The Women of Amphissa" by Lawrence Alma-Tadema (1887).
Jeff––Saturday
I was searching through back issues of GREECE IS as research for Kaldis #14, when I came across this wonderful article by Duncan Howitt-Marshall exploring the hedonistic world of ancient Greece in the wintertime -- its ancient summertime rituals are likely well represented in modern day comings and goings, at least on Mykonos. So here is Mr. Howitt-Marshall's wonderful article. Thank you, GreeceIS.
In the run-up to
Christmas, we look at the hedonistic world of wintertime festivals in ancient
Greece. What did these celebrations involve? And who took part?
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The ancient Greeks were a deeply religious and superstitious lot. Polytheistic
in nature, they worshipped a pantheon of gods and goddesses residing on
Mount Olympus (aka the “Olympians”), each associated with different domains of
life. If you were an expectant mother, for example, you would pray to Hera,
goddess of marriage, women, and family, for protection. If, on the other
hand, you were preparing to go to sea, you would invoke her mercurial
brother, the sea god Poseidon.
In ancient Greek religion, rituals, festivals, and sacrifices were
central to expressing devotion and strengthening the bond between the divine
and mortal realms. Festivals were also crucial for fostering a sense of
community and shared cultural identity, bringing people together and
reinforcing their connections as members of a particular tribe, city-state
(“polis”), or region.
Perhaps the most famous festival to cement civic pride in ancient Greece
was the Panathenaia, held annually in Athens in honor of the patron
goddess Athena. This multi-day, midsummer festival, depicted in sculptural
relief in the Parthenon frieze, brought together Athenians from all walks of
life, actively reinforcing the democratic principles of the
city.
Ancient Greek festivals like the
Panathenaic Procession, as depicted on the Parthenon frieze, fostered civic
pride and helped to reinforce strong communal bonds.
As the Christmas season is now in full swing, with homes and high streets
up and down the country twinkle with bright festive lights and the sweet aroma
of freshly baked melamakarona and kourabiedes (Greek
Christmas cookies) fills the air, we thought it would be fun to travel back in
time to explore some of the principal ancient Greek festivals that took place
at this time of year.
We know from contemporary sources that the Greeks celebrated some of
their biggest and most important festivals around the time of the
mid-winter solstice, December 21, integrating religious rituals, theatrical
performances, and communal feasting. For the ancient Athenians, who used their
own lunar calendar (the Attica Calendar), these festivals took place in the
months of PoseideÅn (December/January) and GamÄliÅn (January/February). It
was also a time when cheeky and mischievous goblins (“kallikantzaroi”) would
emerge from their underground burrows and play tricks on people.
Courtesans ("hetairai")
dancing around a giant phallus at a Haloa festival (Oedipus Painter, 480 BC).
HALOA – NO MEN ALLOWED!
Dedicated to Demeter, the goddess of agriculture and fertility,
and her daughter Persephone, the festival of Haloa was primarily celebrated
at Eleusis in Attica during the month of PoseideÅn. It held
great significance in the agricultural calendar as it marked the end of
the sowing season and the beginning of winter.
The central theme of the Haloa was fertility and the cycle of life. It
celebrated the earth’s fertility and the promise of a bountiful harvest to
come. The festival’s name, derived from the Greek word “halos,” meaning
threshing floor, clearly reflected its agricultural connections, but,
interestingly, men were almost always excluded from partaking in the Haloa.
Furthermore, as head of the household, men had a legal and moral obligation to
pay for their wives’ expenses to attend the festivities.
Another unique and notable aspect of the Haloa was its explicit
connection to sexuality and fertility. The festival included a mysterious
and explicit ritual, during which women engaged in sexual banter, raucous
jokes, and displayed phallic symbols. This open expression of sexuality was
believed to invoke Demeter’s fertility and ensure the fertility of the land.
The festival also included a feast, where participants shared food and wine,
fostering a sense of communal celebration. The feast included little or no
meat. Instead, cereal and vegetable-based dishes were served, followed by phallic-
and vulva-shaped cakes.
A Classical bronze statue of
Poseidon/Zeus (c. 460 BC), on display at the National Archaeological Museum of
Athens.
POSEIDONIA – CELEBRATING THE LORD OF
THE SEA
The festival dedicated to Poseidon, god of the sea, earthquakes, and
horses, was known as the Poseidonia. Celebrated primarily in coastal regions,
where Poseidon’s influence was most pronounced, this festival was especially
popular on the Saronic island of Aegina, one of Athens’ main rivals in the
6th and early 5th centuries BC. It took place sometime around the mid-winter
solstice, the shortest day of the year.
The Poseidonia was a multifaceted celebration that served to honor and
appease Poseidon, seeking his favor for safe maritime activities and
protection from the unpredictable forces of the sea. The festival was
particularly crucial for seafaring communities heavily dependent on fishing,
trade, and naval endeavors.
Not much is known about the specific celebrations but scholars have
speculated that they may have involved a combination of religious rituals,
processions, and even athletic competitions. A passage in Homer’s
“Odyssey” (Book III) describes a large gathering on the shore of
Pylos, where attendees are described “sacrificing sleek-black bulls to
Poseidon, god of the sea-blue mane who shakes the earth.” After the sacrifice,
they “tasted the innards [and] burned the thighbones for the god,” and consumed
vast amounts of wine.
It is interesting to note that most Christians around the world today
celebrate Christmas on December 25th, four days after the mid-winter solstice.
Seeing as the Hellenic world of the eastern Mediterranean was an early
center for the spread of Christianity, it’s tempting to speculate how pagan
festivals such as the Poseidonia, with its feasting and revelry, paved the way
for the Christian tradition of feasting at Christmas. After all, the sea god
Poseidon was also venerated as a “savior” of sorts, protecting sailors,
fishermen, and those engaged in maritime activities, the lifeblood of the
ancient Greek economy.
"The Triumph of Bacchus,"
by Diego VelƔzquez (1628-1629)
THE RURAL DIONYSIA
Also held in the month of PoseideÅn, straddling the mid-winter solstice,
was the Rural Dionysia, dedicated to Dionysus, the god of wine, ecstasy, and
theater. Unlike its urban counterpart, the City Dionysia, which took place
in Athens in the month of ElaphÄboliÅn (March-April), the Rural Dionysia was
celebrated in the countryside, emphasizing the agricultural aspects of the god,
his association with vineyards, and highlighting the connection between
fertility and the land.
Central to the Rural Dionysia were processions, often featuring local
farmers, winegrowers, and other rural inhabitants. Participants carried
representations of Dionysus, such as statues or large phalluses, as they moved
through the countryside, visiting vineyards and key agricultural sites. Young
maidens and other festival goers carried baskets of bread, grapes, and other
produce, as well as large jars of wine. These processions were likely
accompanied by chants, hymns, and ritualistic dances, invoking the
blessings of Dionysus for a successful growing season.
While the Rural Dionysia did not include the elaborate theatrical
performances of the City Dionysia, it likely featured local entertainment,
music, and rustic performances that reflected its rural character. The festival
is famously parodied in the play “The Archarnians,” by Athenian comic
playwright Aristophanes (c. 446-c. 386 BC), the oldest surviving example of
the highly satirical genre of Old Comedy.
Just like the Poseidonia festival, it’s tempting to make a link between
the veneration of the pagan god Dionysus, who, according to the myth, was torn
apart by Titans as a child and resurrected by Zeus, and the story of the
Passion and Resurrection of Jesus Christ. Other examples of the
“dying-and-rising god” motif in ancient religion include the
green-skinned Egyptian god of fertility and agriculture, Osiris, and the
Sumerian god Tammuz, also associated with agriculture.
The Theater of Dionysus, on the
south slope of the Athenian Acropolis.
THE LENAIA
Another ancient Greek festival in honor of Dionysus was the Lenaia. This
festival had a significant theatrical character, showcasing the Greeks’ deep
connection between the divine and artistic expression. The Lenaia typically
took place in Athens in the month of GamÄliÅn (January-February),
but there is evidence that the festival also took place in at the sacred
sanctuary of Delphi, in central Greece, as well as in the Greek city-states of
Ionia, on the west coast of Asia Minor.
The festival involved dramatic competitions, where
playwrights presented tragedies, comedies, and satyr plays to compete for
recognition and honor. These performances provided a platform for artistic
expression and cultural exploration, allowing playwrights such as Aristophanes
to showcase their talent. Incidentally, it is recorded that Aristophanes’
“The Archarnians” won first prize at the Lenaia festival in 425 BC.
The name of the festival, Lenaia, likely comes from the Greek
word “lenos” meaning “winepress.” Active participation would have
extended beyond the performers to include the wider community. Citizens, both
men and women, attended the theatrical performances, engaging in the collective
experience of storytelling and artistic expression.
Just like our own
Christmas festivities, the Lenaia brought the community together in
a shared celebration of culture, feasting, and divine worship.
––Jeff
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